Meta-linguistics
A word that describes another word, e.g. an adjective
Prose
Everything which poetry is not
Lexis
A word for words
Idiolect
Is unique to you, the way you speak - accent
Pulp Fiction
A huge amount of creative writing
Register
A way you chose to talk, you may talk differently to different people
Metaphor
A word or a phrase that is applied to an object or action that it does not literally denote in order to imply a resemblance
Deconstruct
To analyse something, to break it down
Hegemony
When you are stronger and more powerful than someone else
Context
The time and place that surrounds a text
Satire
Exaggerate to show how foolish something is
Farce
This is a kind of dramatic comedy that create humour by having ludicrous events happening.
Farcical
When something is ridiculous
Hyperbole
A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect
Stichomythia
Dialogue characterised by brief, which includes witty exchanges between characters
Protagonist
The leading character, hero.heroine in a drama, movie, novel or any other type of literacy work
Antagonist
The opposite of a protagonist
Pun
A play on words, to make it sound humourous
Interpretation
The way the actor puts into the line, the Director decides this
Connotations
An idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing
Bastard
It is an illegitimate child
Anarchist
1. A person who believe in anarchy
2. A person who doesn't want to follow rules, they do not believe in government, so they express this in violence
Suspend our disbelief
When as an audience, we know something is not real, but we go along with it for the enjoyment of it
Euphemism
A pleasant or nice way of saying something quite nasty or rough. It can be kind, polite and witty
Malapropism
When a character uses a word incorrectly
Tea Leaves
Thieves
Ecclesiastical Law
Church laws
Fuzz
Police
Verbatim
Exactly how it is
Monocle
A one eye glass
Jesuit
A member of a Roman Catholic religious order
Lech
A man or woman with desire
Blackjack
A stick for hitting people
Galosh
Something you wear on top of your shoes to keep the rain from getting in
Three Leagues
9 miles
Pernicious Suitor
Evil intentions
Peradventure
By chance
Melancholy
Sad- a stereotype for evil people
Bachelors
Unmarried people
Ducats
Gold coins
Orchard
A big/ full garden with trees cultivating an area, where you think you are alone but people can hear you
Canon
A list of fictitious books which consider to be important, e.g. Shakespeare and Dario Fo
Black Comedy
Something which isn't meant to be funny, but we laugh at it anyway
Aburdist Comedy
When very weird and strange things happen, like in Dario Fo, when half way through the play, the Maniac picks up a guitar and starts to sing
Secular
Without a church, so a place like Russia or Cuba where there is no religion
Existentialism
When you believe in your own self, and your morals and values
Moral Code
When you are not held by constitutions
Political Comedy
There to change things and opinions, like Dario Fo
Verisimilitude
The appearance of being true or real
Purpose
The reason behind it - the Maniac dressed as a judge to find if the policemen killed the anarchist
Discourse
Stretches of language longer than a sentence, include structures of sentence, turn taking - a way in which we communicate
Pragmatics
What is inferred, means underneath, not so much what the sentence means but rather what the speaker wants them to mean
Hedging
A stalling technique to make an utterance more tentative. Sometimes it is used to give the speaker more time to think, when they are unsure of a reaction to an utterance. E.g. Well...
Hesitations
Pauses and hesitations are simple to spot, but are difficult to explain terms of effects - (pause/...) are written in plays. In transcripts they write the number of second e.g. (1). They do this if the character is nervous or stalling.
Inference
We infer what has been uttered by understanding what has gone before
E.g. Something which happened before, when someone is having a conversation with another person, they know what happened before without the need to tell each other
Presupposition
Where we assume something has happened before, we hear it uttered
E.g. Someone is having a conversation with another person, they know what it going to happen without it being totally implied, just by them knowing
Implicature
Where questions are not always that relevant and meaning is implied
E.g. Like sarcasm, can tell what you really mean from tonal voice and the way it is said
Back Channel Behavior
Where a listener indicates that they want the speaker to continue
Continuers
Hands back floors to speaker
'Carry on...', 'Go on...' (Telling them to carry on)
Acknowledgements
Express agreements with previous terms
'Yes' (Agree with them)
Assessments
Expresses some form of appreciation
'Thank you!' (compliment them back)
Newsmakers
Shows the speaker's turns as news
'Wow! I did not know that!' (May include raised voices to show that it is news)
Questions
Indicate interest or to clarify
'Why?' 'When?' etc.
Collaboritive Complications
Saying things at the same time
Non-verbal Collaborations
Nodding, hand gestures etc.
Explicit
To make something clear
Implicit
What is implied
Narrative
A storyline
Narrator
A person who tells the story
Essay
An answer to a question
Empathise
To be in the reader's shoes - understanding everything
Utopia
An idealistic place which is highly desirable, it was coined in Greek by Sir Thomas More for his 1516 book Utopia which describes a fictional island society in the Atlantic Ocean. It has been used to describe an ideal community or society - a good place.
To coin
To invent
Dystopian
It is either, undesirable and/or a dangerous, imagined place where there may be corruption, totalitarian or environmentally degraded - the opposite of utopia
Didactic
Preaching a message
Story
All the various events that are going to be shown
Plot
The chain of causes and circumstances that connect the various events and places than in some sort of relationship with each other
Narrative
Involves how the events and causes are shown and various methods used to do this showing. Exploring aspects of narrative involve looking at what the writer has chosen to include and not include and how this choice leads the reader to certain conclusions
Semantics
Meanings
Pragmatics
Implied meanings - connotations
Chronological
In order of events
Non-linear
Flash backs, jumping back and forth in a story
Ideology
A system of ideas, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy
Metaphor
An indirect comparison with something, when something is compared to something else
Connotations
Things which are attached to something
Pathetic Fallacy
When the weather reflect the mood of the setting
Retrospective Narrator
When the narrator looks back at the events which have happened
Self-conscience Narrator
When the narrator keeps telling the reader that what they are reading is a story
Aphoristic
A short, sharp saying
Exposition
Background information
Idiolect
(Idio) - one's self (lect) - the way and style in which someone speaks in. Even a group of people who are simliar to each other have different
idiolects
Eye-dialect
When you spell something phonetically to show their accent (e.g who dat?)
Dramatic Monologue
In a poem, it is not the voice of the poet
Homodiegtic Narrator
A narrator who is part of the narrative (they know everything that happened in the narrative)
Intradiegtic Narrator
A narrator who is part of the story, but doesn't know everyone's side of the story - e.g. Nick Carraway in 'The Great Gatsby'
Omniscient Narrator
A narrator knows everything but is not part of the story
Direct Speech
They show the intentions of ideology of the characters, shows by speech marks. Exactly what the character said.
Attributed Speech
This is unreliable, (repeating what a character said in the past) and so it is edited to suit the point of view of the narrator. It says more about the narrator rather than the character who said it
Persona
Not a poet, they are usually not named and a character within the poem
Lexical Field
Words that are similar and related in some way
Horror
Is fear which you experience from physically seeing or experiencing it. E.g. seeing a dead body or monster
Terror
Is fear which is felt from thinking/imagining that something is there, usually shadowy or uncertain figure. E.g. thinking/imagining seeing a shadow of a monster.
The Sublime
Something which you feel or experience which is too vast to comprehend of something which is much bigger than ourselves. If someone is in awe (too big to comprehend).
The Uncanny
Something which is strange, familiar event which creates an unsettling experience.
Taboo
Cultural, moral or religious rules which are challenged or violated. Challenging the norms of society.
The Supernatural
Something which is above nature, mysterious or inexplicable.
Oppositions
Opposites which is associated with Gothic such as; sanity vs madness, living vs dead, reason (to think about that action) vs passion (forced to take action) & past vs present.
Otherness
They are different, so perceive as a threat to others. Usually monsters.
Obscurity
Part of the experience of the sublime. It's being unsure/confused, and includes both physical and mental obscurity.
The Revenant
Something which describes 'what comes back'. E.g. ghosts, return of the unwanted, elements of the past.
The Doppelganger
Is identical or alter ego of another character who is evil.
The Liminal
Being on the edge or marginal or point of boundary (uncertainty). This could be geographical or physical.
Abhuman
Something (a character) which is vestigially human but becoming something which is a threat and monstrous. E.g. vampire/werewolf.
Placid
Calm
Indifferent
Don't mind either way
Folly
A ruin to look like a castle (a fake castle)
Fidelity
Being faithful
Complaisance
Having a lack of intention
Endeavour
To strive
Bestowed
Presented
Synoptic
Side by side
Dissolution
To dissolve/pull apart
Weird
(Originally 'wyrd') Fate
Tropes
Recognisable characteristics
Tragic Flaw
A personality trait which causes the protagonist to lead to their death
Illness
Evil
Chastise
Punishment
Valour
Courage
Leitmotif
A reoccurring theme
Mortification
Feeling of wanting to die
Fell
Deadly
Compunctions
Moral Reservations
Direst
Most dreadful
Mundane
Not special
Picturesque
The difference between the beautiful and the sublime
Bathos
Take something to the highest extent and drop it down to mundane (everyday) to highlight the stupidity (Comic Device)
A word that describes another word, e.g. an adjective
Prose
Everything which poetry is not
Lexis
A word for words
Idiolect
Is unique to you, the way you speak - accent
Pulp Fiction
A huge amount of creative writing
Register
A way you chose to talk, you may talk differently to different people
Metaphor
A word or a phrase that is applied to an object or action that it does not literally denote in order to imply a resemblance
Deconstruct
To analyse something, to break it down
Hegemony
When you are stronger and more powerful than someone else
Context
The time and place that surrounds a text
Satire
Exaggerate to show how foolish something is
Farce
This is a kind of dramatic comedy that create humour by having ludicrous events happening.
Farcical
When something is ridiculous
Hyperbole
A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect
Stichomythia
Dialogue characterised by brief, which includes witty exchanges between characters
Protagonist
The leading character, hero.heroine in a drama, movie, novel or any other type of literacy work
Antagonist
The opposite of a protagonist
Pun
A play on words, to make it sound humourous
Interpretation
The way the actor puts into the line, the Director decides this
Connotations
An idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing
Bastard
It is an illegitimate child
Anarchist
1. A person who believe in anarchy
2. A person who doesn't want to follow rules, they do not believe in government, so they express this in violence
Suspend our disbelief
When as an audience, we know something is not real, but we go along with it for the enjoyment of it
Euphemism
A pleasant or nice way of saying something quite nasty or rough. It can be kind, polite and witty
Malapropism
When a character uses a word incorrectly
Tea Leaves
Thieves
Ecclesiastical Law
Church laws
Fuzz
Police
Verbatim
Exactly how it is
Monocle
A one eye glass
Jesuit
A member of a Roman Catholic religious order
Lech
A man or woman with desire
Blackjack
A stick for hitting people
Galosh
Something you wear on top of your shoes to keep the rain from getting in
Three Leagues
9 miles
Pernicious Suitor
Evil intentions
Peradventure
By chance
Melancholy
Sad- a stereotype for evil people
Bachelors
Unmarried people
Ducats
Gold coins
Orchard
A big/ full garden with trees cultivating an area, where you think you are alone but people can hear you
Canon
A list of fictitious books which consider to be important, e.g. Shakespeare and Dario Fo
Black Comedy
Something which isn't meant to be funny, but we laugh at it anyway
Aburdist Comedy
When very weird and strange things happen, like in Dario Fo, when half way through the play, the Maniac picks up a guitar and starts to sing
Secular
Without a church, so a place like Russia or Cuba where there is no religion
Existentialism
When you believe in your own self, and your morals and values
Moral Code
When you are not held by constitutions
Political Comedy
There to change things and opinions, like Dario Fo
Verisimilitude
The appearance of being true or real
Purpose
The reason behind it - the Maniac dressed as a judge to find if the policemen killed the anarchist
Discourse
Stretches of language longer than a sentence, include structures of sentence, turn taking - a way in which we communicate
Pragmatics
What is inferred, means underneath, not so much what the sentence means but rather what the speaker wants them to mean
Hedging
A stalling technique to make an utterance more tentative. Sometimes it is used to give the speaker more time to think, when they are unsure of a reaction to an utterance. E.g. Well...
Hesitations
Pauses and hesitations are simple to spot, but are difficult to explain terms of effects - (pause/...) are written in plays. In transcripts they write the number of second e.g. (1). They do this if the character is nervous or stalling.
Inference
We infer what has been uttered by understanding what has gone before
E.g. Something which happened before, when someone is having a conversation with another person, they know what happened before without the need to tell each other
Presupposition
Where we assume something has happened before, we hear it uttered
E.g. Someone is having a conversation with another person, they know what it going to happen without it being totally implied, just by them knowing
Implicature
Where questions are not always that relevant and meaning is implied
E.g. Like sarcasm, can tell what you really mean from tonal voice and the way it is said
Back Channel Behavior
Where a listener indicates that they want the speaker to continue
Continuers
Hands back floors to speaker
'Carry on...', 'Go on...' (Telling them to carry on)
Acknowledgements
Express agreements with previous terms
'Yes' (Agree with them)
Assessments
Expresses some form of appreciation
'Thank you!' (compliment them back)
Newsmakers
Shows the speaker's turns as news
'Wow! I did not know that!' (May include raised voices to show that it is news)
Questions
Indicate interest or to clarify
'Why?' 'When?' etc.
Collaboritive Complications
Saying things at the same time
Non-verbal Collaborations
Nodding, hand gestures etc.
Explicit
To make something clear
Implicit
What is implied
Narrative
A storyline
Narrator
A person who tells the story
Essay
An answer to a question
Empathise
To be in the reader's shoes - understanding everything
Utopia
An idealistic place which is highly desirable, it was coined in Greek by Sir Thomas More for his 1516 book Utopia which describes a fictional island society in the Atlantic Ocean. It has been used to describe an ideal community or society - a good place.
To coin
To invent
Dystopian
It is either, undesirable and/or a dangerous, imagined place where there may be corruption, totalitarian or environmentally degraded - the opposite of utopia
Didactic
Preaching a message
Story
All the various events that are going to be shown
Plot
The chain of causes and circumstances that connect the various events and places than in some sort of relationship with each other
Narrative
Involves how the events and causes are shown and various methods used to do this showing. Exploring aspects of narrative involve looking at what the writer has chosen to include and not include and how this choice leads the reader to certain conclusions
Semantics
Meanings
Pragmatics
Implied meanings - connotations
Chronological
In order of events
Non-linear
Flash backs, jumping back and forth in a story
Ideology
A system of ideas, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy
Metaphor
An indirect comparison with something, when something is compared to something else
Connotations
Things which are attached to something
Pathetic Fallacy
When the weather reflect the mood of the setting
Retrospective Narrator
When the narrator looks back at the events which have happened
Self-conscience Narrator
When the narrator keeps telling the reader that what they are reading is a story
Aphoristic
A short, sharp saying
Exposition
Background information
Idiolect
(Idio) - one's self (lect) - the way and style in which someone speaks in. Even a group of people who are simliar to each other have different
idiolects
Eye-dialect
When you spell something phonetically to show their accent (e.g who dat?)
Dramatic Monologue
In a poem, it is not the voice of the poet
Homodiegtic Narrator
A narrator who is part of the narrative (they know everything that happened in the narrative)
Intradiegtic Narrator
A narrator who is part of the story, but doesn't know everyone's side of the story - e.g. Nick Carraway in 'The Great Gatsby'
Omniscient Narrator
A narrator knows everything but is not part of the story
Direct Speech
They show the intentions of ideology of the characters, shows by speech marks. Exactly what the character said.
Attributed Speech
This is unreliable, (repeating what a character said in the past) and so it is edited to suit the point of view of the narrator. It says more about the narrator rather than the character who said it
Persona
Not a poet, they are usually not named and a character within the poem
Lexical Field
Words that are similar and related in some way
Horror
Is fear which you experience from physically seeing or experiencing it. E.g. seeing a dead body or monster
Terror
Is fear which is felt from thinking/imagining that something is there, usually shadowy or uncertain figure. E.g. thinking/imagining seeing a shadow of a monster.
The Sublime
Something which you feel or experience which is too vast to comprehend of something which is much bigger than ourselves. If someone is in awe (too big to comprehend).
The Uncanny
Something which is strange, familiar event which creates an unsettling experience.
Taboo
Cultural, moral or religious rules which are challenged or violated. Challenging the norms of society.
The Supernatural
Something which is above nature, mysterious or inexplicable.
Oppositions
Opposites which is associated with Gothic such as; sanity vs madness, living vs dead, reason (to think about that action) vs passion (forced to take action) & past vs present.
Otherness
They are different, so perceive as a threat to others. Usually monsters.
Obscurity
Part of the experience of the sublime. It's being unsure/confused, and includes both physical and mental obscurity.
The Revenant
Something which describes 'what comes back'. E.g. ghosts, return of the unwanted, elements of the past.
The Doppelganger
Is identical or alter ego of another character who is evil.
The Liminal
Being on the edge or marginal or point of boundary (uncertainty). This could be geographical or physical.
Abhuman
Something (a character) which is vestigially human but becoming something which is a threat and monstrous. E.g. vampire/werewolf.
Placid
Calm
Indifferent
Don't mind either way
Folly
A ruin to look like a castle (a fake castle)
Fidelity
Being faithful
Complaisance
Having a lack of intention
Endeavour
To strive
Bestowed
Presented
Synoptic
Side by side
Dissolution
To dissolve/pull apart
Weird
(Originally 'wyrd') Fate
Tropes
Recognisable characteristics
Tragic Flaw
A personality trait which causes the protagonist to lead to their death
Illness
Evil
Chastise
Punishment
Valour
Courage
Leitmotif
A reoccurring theme
Mortification
Feeling of wanting to die
Fell
Deadly
Compunctions
Moral Reservations
Direst
Most dreadful
Mundane
Not special
Picturesque
The difference between the beautiful and the sublime
Bathos
Take something to the highest extent and drop it down to mundane (everyday) to highlight the stupidity (Comic Device)