'Literature...is any kind of writing which for some reason or another somebody values highly...'
Terry Eagleton, 1983
Terry Eagleton, 1983
Literature is written within the context, so authors write about what is happening to them or other people at that time.
There is nothing original about literature, all of them have evolved. For example, one author had to have written something for another author to develop it and change it, and so on. As Roland Barthes had once said, 'All the authors are dead'.
There is nothing original about literature, all of them have evolved. For example, one author had to have written something for another author to develop it and change it, and so on. As Roland Barthes had once said, 'All the authors are dead'.
> 1914 was the start of the Moderenest Era, as the First World War had begun, therefore it had changed the face of the world. Many things had changed including the fact that women go involved in war, advanced weapons, more people were involved and the dead toll was high. In England, they wanted to make war seem like a glorious and heroic thing, so more people join in and fight. Therefore they made a tunnel which traveled through Waterloo to the hospitals for the soldiers who were injured due to the war. They did this so that no-one saw what they looked like and saw what war had done to them. Shell shock and PTSD were one of the effects of war, so if people saw this, then less people would help in war which wasn't what England wanted. Now war is no longer glorious, and all types of art began to influence disusing this. A novelist named Virginia Wolf wrote about peoples' lives and her type of writing was called 'a stream of consciousness'. This was were the words would pour out. One of her famous novels is called 'To the Lighthouse'.
> Freud was also part of the modernest era, as he was the most famous psychologist, and he started off the branch of psychoanalogy. Freud believed that everyone's dreams meant something and that people liked their mum or dad (sexually), so that is why they try to find a partner just like them. |
> Nietzche was a German philosopher, who was an atheist and wrote a number of books claiming that God is dead. He questions why people die so horribly and why nasty things happens, because according to him, God is dead. As Shakespeare quotes 'Hell must be empty, because all the devils are here'.
> The Postmodern Era is after the Second World War, which is where we are. Different types of comedy started to develop from here. For example Black Comedy, which is something which isn't meant to be funny, but we laugh at it anyway and this is to illustrate a point, like satire. Another type of comedy is absurdist comedy, which is when very weird and strange things happen, like in Dario Fo, when half way through the play, the Maniac picks up a guitar and starts to sing. There is also existentialism, which is when you believe in your own self, and your morals and values, and secular means without a church, so a place like Russia or Cuba where there is no religion. Moral code is when you are not held by constitutions, political comedy is there to change things and opinions, like Dario Fo, and farce is quick witted and is ridiculous. |
Language Terms
Verisimilitude - Supposedly Realistic > Real language contains overlap, stutter, tone, raised voices.
- Situational Factors > Where it is happening - Status and Relationship > what is this with the other person - Discourse Conventions > the features of the way it is said International Features - Turn Taking > take turns in speaking - Pause > for effect, to indicate when someone is thinking or hesitating - Agenda > the setting in conversation, when the person sets the topic of the conversation - Modes of address > the name of each other - first name, title and surname, full name, title and full name, surname, title, position (e.g. Doctor), relationship, honorific (e.g. Lord), endearment, altered first name, altered surname, nickname, insulting name. This shows the audience what the characters think of each other. Hedging - a stalling technique to make an utterance more tentative. Sometimes it is used to give the speaker more time to think, when they are unsure of a reaction to an utterance. E.g. Well... Hesitations - Pauses and hesitations are simple to spot, but are difficult to explain terms of effects - (pause/...) are written in plays. In transcripts they write the number of second e.g. (1). They do this if the character is nervous or stalling. Overlap and Interruptions - this is telling you something about the relationship and status of the two characters. Inference - We infer what has been uttered by understanding what has gone before E.g. Something which happened before, when someone is having a conversation with another person, they know what happened before without the need to tell each other Presupposition - Where we assume something has happened before, we hear it uttered E.g. Someone is having a conversation with another person, they know what it going to happen without it being totally implied, just by them knowing Implicature - Where questions are not always that relevant and meaning is implied E.g. Like sarcasm, can tell what you really mean from tonal voice and the way it is said Types of Exchange: Utterance Function and Expectant Response, these are also known as Adjacency pairs. Statement Question Request Comment Answer Response Response Comment Acknowledgement |
Holding the Floor, Turn Taking, Status and Control:
Maniac holds the floor in the conversation, and policemen say the most, they turn take with the suspect, but the suspect has the most status and control. If the suspect replys with a short answer, this shows that they are hiding something. Topic Changes: - another factor of turn taking - linked to adjacent pairs - referred to AGENDA SETTING Back Channel Behavior - Where a listener indicates that they want the speaker to continue Continuers Hands back floors to speaker 'Carry on...', 'Go on...' (Telling them to carry on) Acknowledgements Express agreements with previous terms 'Yes' (Agree with them) Assessments Expresses some form of appreciation 'Thank you!' (Compliment them back) Newsmakers Shows the speaker's turns as news 'Wow! I did not know that!' (May include raised voices to show that it is news) Questions Indicate interest or to clarify 'Why?' 'When?' etc. Collaboritive Complications Saying things at the same time Non-verbal Collaborations Nodding, hand gestures etc. Interrogative - it refers to a particular sentence structure where the verb precedes the subject. It is a direct question which ends in a question mark.E.g. 'Are you going out?' / 'Have you got a light?' Declarative - this sentence either states a fact or an argument and ends with a full stop. E.g. 'You are going out.' / 'I have got a light.' Imperative - Structure begins with the verb in its base for, it is used to give a direct command and it can end in a full stop or exclamation mark, depending on how it is said. E.g. 'You are going out!' or a negative form - 'You are not going out.' / 'Give me a light.' or a negative form - 'Don't give me a light.' |